Iipayipi zentsimbi ezinkulu (ezidla ngokubhekisa kwiipayipi zentsimbi ezinobubanzi obungaphandle obuyi-≥114mm, ezine-≥200mm ezichazwa njengezinkulu kwezinye iimeko, kuxhomekeke kwimigangatho yoshishino) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo eziphambili ezibandakanya "uthutho olukhulu," "inkxaso yolwakhiwo enzima," kunye "neemeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu" ngenxa yomthamo wazo ophezulu wokuthwala uxinzelelo, umthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu, kunye nokumelana okunamandla kwempembelelo.
Amandla yindawo ephambili esetyenziswayo kwimibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obukhulu. Iimfuno eziphambili ziquka uxinzelelo oluphezulu, imigama emide, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Le mibhobho isetyenziselwa ukuthutha imithombo yamandla ephambili efana neoyile, igesi yendalo, amalahle, kunye nombane.
1. Ukuthuthwa kweoyile negesi: "I-aorta" yemibhobho ehamba umgama omde
Izicelo: Imibhobho yeoyile kunye negesi ephakathi kwemimandla (efana noMbhobho weGesi waseNtshona-Mpuma kunye noMbhobho weGesi yendalo waseTshayina-Russia), imibhobho yokuqokelela kunye nokuthutha ngaphakathi kwiindawo zeoyile, kunye nemibhobho yeoyile/igesi yeeplatifomu zeoyile kunye negesi ezikude nolwandle.
Iintlobo zeMibhobho yeNsimbi: Ngokuyintloko yipayipi edibeneyo ye-arc efakwe kwi-spiral (LSAW) kunye nepayipi edibeneyo ye-arc efakwe kwi-straight seam (SSAW), enepayipi yentsimbi engenamthungo (efana ne-API 5L X80/X90 grades) esetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Iimfuno eziphambili: Ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-10-15 MPa (iintambo zemiqolo yegesi yendalo), ukumelana nokugqwala komhlaba (iipayipi zaselunxwemeni), kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle (iipayipi zaselunxwemeni). Ubude bepayipi enye bungafikelela kwiimitha ezili-12-18 ukunciphisa amalungu okuwelda kunye nokunciphisa iingozi zokuvuza. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo: iChina-Russia East Line Natural Gas Pipeline (eyona pipeline inkulu yomgama omde eTshayina, kunye namacandelo athile asebenzisa iipayipi zentsimbi ezinobubanzi obuyi-1422mm), kunye nombhobho weoyile onqumla umda weSaudi-UAE (iipayipi zentsimbi eziyi-1200mm nangaphezulu).
2. Ishishini Lombane: "Indlela yamandla" yezityalo zamandla obushushu/enyukliya
Kwicandelo lamandla obushushu, le mibhobho isetyenziswa "kwiipayipi ezine ezinkulu" (iipayipi eziphambili zomphunga, iipayipi zomphunga eziphinda zifudumale, iipayipi eziphambili zamanzi okutya, kunye neepayipi zokukhupha amanzi ezishushu ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu) ukuthutha umphunga oshushu kakhulu, noxinzelelo oluphezulu (amaqondo obushushu angama-300-600°C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-10-30 MPa).
Kwicandelo lamandla enyukliya, imibhobho yentsimbi yomgangatho wokhuseleko kwiziqithi zenyukliya (ezifana nemibhobho yokupholisa ye-reactor) zifuna ukumelana okunamandla kwemitha kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka. Imibhobho engenamthungo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic (ezifana ne-ASME SA312 TP316LN) isetyenziswa rhoqo. Inkxaso yamandla amatsha: "Iipayipi zoMgca woMqokeleli" (ezikhusela iintambo ze-voltage ephezulu) kwiziseko zamandla e-photovoltaic/wind, kunye nemibhobho yokudlulisa i-hydrogen ekude (ezinye iiprojekthi zovavanyo zisebenzisa imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-300-800mm Φ).
Iimfuno kwicandelo likamasipala zigxile "ekuhambeni kwamanzi amaninzi, ukugcinwa okuncinci, kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemeko zasezidolophini ezingaphantsi komhlaba/ezingaphezulu komhlaba." Injongo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kunye nokutsalwa kwamanzi kubemi kunye nokusebenza kweenkqubo zasezidolophini.
1. Ubunjineli bokuNikezelwa kwamanzi kunye nokuSuswa kwamanzi: Iipayipi zeTrunk Transmission/Drainage Water zasezidolophini
Izicelo zoNikezelo lwaManzi: "Iipayipi zamanzi ezingavuthwanga" ezivela kwimithombo yamanzi asezidolophini (amadama, imilambo) ukuya kwizityalo zamanzi, kunye "neepayipi zamanzi ezithwala amanzi zikamasipala" ezivela kwizityalo zamanzi ukuya kwiindawo zasezidolophini, zifuna ukuthuthwa kwamanzi empompini ahamba ngamandla (umz., iipayipi zentsimbi ezingama-600-2000mm Φ).
Ukusetyenziswa koMbhobho wokukhupha amanzi: "Iipayipi zemibhobho yamanzi emvula" zasezidolophini (zokukhupha amanzi ngokukhawuleza kwizikhukula ezibangelwa yimvula enkulu) kunye "neepayipi zemibhobho yokukhupha amanzi amdaka" (zokuthutha amanzi amdaka asekhaya/amashishini ukuya kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka). Ezinye zisebenzisa iipayipi zentsimbi ezingamelaniyo nokugqwala (umz., iipayipi zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngeplastiki kunye neepayipi zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngesamente).
Iingenelo: Xa kuthelekiswa nemibhobho yekhonkrithi, imibhobho yentsimbi ilula, ayinyamezeli ukuhla (ilungelelanisa nejografi entsonkothileyo yasezidolophini engaphantsi komhlaba), kwaye inika ukutywinwa okugqwesileyo kwamalungu (ukuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi amdaka kunye nongcoliseko lomhlaba).
2. Iindawo Zokugcina Amanzi: Ukudluliselwa Kwamanzi Phakathi Kweebhafu Eziphakathi Nolawulo Lwezikhukula
Izicelo: Iiprojekthi zokudlulisa amanzi phakathi kwezitya (ezifana "neYellow River Tunnel Pipeline" yendlela ephakathi yeProjekthi yokuPhambuka kwamanzi esuka eMzantsi ukuya eMntla), iipayipi zokuphambuka kunye neepayipi zokukhupha izikhukula kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi/izikhululo zamandla ombane, kunye neepayipi zokuphambuka zemisele yokulawula izikhukula kunye nokukhukula ezidolophini.
Iimfuno Eziqhelekileyo: Ukumelana nokushukuma kwamanzi (isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi esiyi-2-5 m/s), ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi (eminye imibhobho yamanzi anzulu kufuneka imelane noxinzelelo lwentloko oludlula i-10 m), kunye nobubanzi obudlula i-3000 mm (umz., umbhobho wokuguqula intsimbi oyi-3200 mm kwisikhululo samandla ombane).
Icandelo lemizi-mveliso linemfuno ezahlukeneyo, apho kugxilwe kakhulu “ekuziqhelaniseni neemeko ezinzima kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zothutho lweendaba ezithile,” kuquka amashishini afana ne-metallurgy, iikhemikhali kunye noomatshini.
1. Ishishini leMetallurgy/Steel: Uthutho lweZinto ezishushu kakhulu
Ukusetyenziswa: "Iipayipi zegesi ze-blast furnace" zeenkampani zentsimbi (ezithutha igesi enobushushu obuphezulu, 200-400°C), "ukwenziwa kwentsimbi kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okupholisa eqhubekayo" (ukupholisa okuphezulu kweebhilethi zentsimbi), kunye "nemibhobho ye-slurry" (ukuthutha i-iron ore slurry).
Iimfuneko zemibhobho yentsimbi: Ukumelana ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu (kwiipayipi zegesi) kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka (kwii-slurries eziqulethe amasuntswana aqinileyo, iipayipi zentsimbi ye-alloy ezimelana nokuguguleka ziyafuneka). Ububanzi buhlala buqala kwi-200 ukuya kwi-1000 mm.
2. Ishishini leeKhemikhali/leePetrochemical: Uthutho lweendaba ezitshabalalisayo
Izicelo: Imibhobho yezinto eziluhlaza kwizityalo zeekhemikhali (ezifana nezisombululo ze-asidi kunye ne-alkali, izinyibilikisi ze-organic), imibhobho yeyunithi yokuqhekeka kwe-catalytic kwizityalo ze-petrochemical (ioyile kunye negesi ezinobushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu), kunye nemibhobho yokukhupha iitanki (imibhobho yokukhupha iitanki ezinkulu ngobukhulu).
Iintlobo zeMibhobho yeNsimbi: Imibhobho yentsimbi ye-alloy engamelani nokugqwala (njengentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316L) kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi egqunywe ngeplastiki okanye ngerabha (yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu) zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Eminye imibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphezulu isebenzisa imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo eyi-150-500mm.
3. Oomatshini Abanzima: Inkxaso Yolwakhiwo kunye Neenkqubo ZeHydraulic
Izicelo: Iibharele ze-hydraulic cylinder kwiimashini zokwakha (ii-excavator kunye nee-cranes) (ezinye izixhobo ezinkulu zisebenzisa iipayipi zentsimbi ezingenamthungo eziyi-100-300mm), iipayipi zentsimbi ezixhasa ibhedi kwizixhobo ezinkulu zoomatshini, kunye neepayipi zangaphakathi zokukhusela ileli/iintambo (150-300mm) kwiinqaba ze-wind turbine zangaphandle.
Kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso ezifana neebhulorho, iitonela, kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, iipayipi zentsimbi ezinkulu azisebenzi nje kuphela njenge "mibhobho yokudlulisela" kodwa zikwasebenza njenge "zinto zokwakha" ezithwala imithwalo okanye ezibonelela ngokhuseleko.
1. Ubunjineli beBhulorho: Iibhulorho zentsimbi ezizaliswe yikhonkrithi/iikholamu zePier
Izicelo: "Iimbambo eziphambili ze-arch" zeebhulorho ze-arch ezinde (ezifana neChongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge, esebenzisa iimbambo ze-arch zentsimbi ezizaliswe yi-1200-1600mm Φ ezizaliswe yikhonkrithi, ezidibanisa amandla okuxinana kweetyhubhu zentsimbi kunye namandla okucinezelwa kwekhonkrithi), kunye "nemikhono yokukhusela" yee-piers zebhulorho (ukukhusela ii-piers ekukhukulisekeni kwamanzi).
Iingenelo: Xa kuthelekiswa nekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo yendabuko, izakhiwo zentsimbi ezizaliswe yikhonkrithi zikhaphukhaphu, kulula ukuzakha (zinokwakhiwa kwimizi-mveliso kwaye zihlanganiswe kwindawo yazo), kwaye zinesithuba eside (ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezingama-500 nangaphezulu).
2. IiTunnels kunye nokuThuthwa koLoliwe: Umoya ongenisayo kunye noKhuseleko lweeCable
Ukusetyenziswa kweMijelo: "Iipayipi zomoya" (zomoya omtsha, ububanzi obuyi-800-1500mm) kwiitonela zendlela enkulu/zesitimela, kunye "neePipe zoMbane woMlilo" (zokubonelela ngamanzi ahamba ngokukhawuleza xa kutsha imililo yemijelo).
Uthutho lweSitimela: "Iipayipi zokukhusela iintambo ezingaphantsi komhlaba" (zokukhusela iintambo ezine-voltage ephezulu, ezinye zenziwe ngepayipi yentsimbi egqunywe ngeplastiki engama-200-400mm) kwiindlela ezingaphantsi komhlaba/iinkqubo zesitimela ezinesantya esiphezulu, kunye "neeCatenary Column Casings" (iikholamu zentsimbi ezixhasa igridi yombane).
3. Iinqwelomoya/Izibuko: Iipayipi zeenjongo ezikhethekileyo
Iinqwelo-moya: "Iipayipi Zokuqukuqela Amanzi Emvula" (ububanzi obukhulu obuyi-600-1200mm) zeendlela zokuqukumbela ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi kwiindlela zokuqukumbela kunye nempembelelo ekusukeni nasekufikeni, kunye "neePipi Eziphambili Zamanzi Abandayo Ezinomoya Opholileyo" (zokuhamba kwamanzi abandayo ahamba kakhulu ukulawula ubushushu) kwizakhiwo zesiphelo.
IiPosi: "IiPipelini zengalo zokudlulisa ioyile" (ezidibanisa iitanki kunye neetanki zokugcina, ezithutha ioyile ekrwada/iimveliso zeoyile ecociweyo, ububanzi obuyi-300-800mm) kwiindawo zokubeka imithwalo, kunye "neePipelini zeMithwalo emininzi" (zokuthutha imithwalo emikhulu efana namalahle kunye nentsimbi).
Ishishini lezomkhosi: Iinqanawa zemfazwe "iipayipi zokupholisa amanzi olwandle" (ukuxhathisa ukugqwala kwamanzi olwandle), itanki "iintambo ze-hydraulic" (iipayipi ezinkulu ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu olungenamthungo), kunye nesiqalisi seemissile "iipayipi zentsimbi ezixhasayo."
Ukuhlola iJografi: "Iikheyiji" zemithombo yamanzi anzulu (ukukhusela udonga lwemithombo nokuthintela ukudilika, abanye basebenzisa imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo ye-Φ300-500mm), ukukhupha igesi yeshale "iipayipi zemithombo ethe tye" (zokuhambisa ulwelo oluqhekeka ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu).
Ukunkcenkceshela kwezolimo: Iipayipi ezinkulu zokunkcenkceshela ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokulima (ezifana neepayipi zokunkcenkceshela ezisebenzisa amanzi amdaka/amanzi ashushu kummandla osemantla-ntshona owomileyo, ezinobubanzi obuyi-Φ200-600mm).
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Indawo yophuhliso lweshishini laseKangsheng,
Isithili saseWuqing, isixeko saseTianjin, eTshayina.
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Amaxesha okusebenza
UMvulo-NgeCawa: Inkonzo yeeyure ezingama-24
Ixesha lokuthumela: Septemba-19-2025