Imibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obukhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekisela kwimibhobho yentsimbi enedayamitha yangaphandle ≥114mm, ene-≥200mm echazwe njengenkulu kwezinye iimeko, ngokuxhomekeke kwimigangatho yoshishino) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezingundoqo ezibandakanya "uthutho lweendaba ezinkulu," "inkxaso yesakhiwo esinzima," kunye "noxinzelelo oluphezulu, iimeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuchasana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuchasana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuchasana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuchasana noxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Amandla yeyona ndawo iphambili yokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obukhulu. Iimfuno eziphambili zibandakanya uxinzelelo oluphezulu, imigama emide, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa. Le mibhobho isetyenziselwa ukuthutha izixhobo eziphambili zamandla ezifana ne-oyile, igesi yendalo, amalahle kunye nombane.
1. UThutho lwe-Oli neGesi: I-"aorta" yemibhobho yomgama omde
Izicelo: Imibhobho ye-oyile ye-oyile kunye negesi ye-Interregional (efana ne-West-East Gas Pipeline kunye ne-China-Russia East Natural Gas Pipeline), ukuqokelelwa kwangaphakathi kunye nemibhobho yothutho phakathi kweendawo ze-oyile, kunye nemibhobho ye-oyile / yegesi ye-oyile kunye negesi ye-offshore platforms.
Iindidi zemibhobho yentsimbi: Ngokuyintloko i-spiral submerged arc welded pipe (LSAW) kunye nomthungo othe tye ofakwe emanzini we-arc welded pipe (SSAW), kunye nombhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo (ofana ne-API 5L X80/X90 amabakala) esetyenziswa kumacandelo athile anoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
IiMfuno ezingundoqo: Ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-10-15 MPa (imizila yegesi yendalo), ukuxhathisa ukonakala komhlaba (imibhobho engaselunxwemeni), kwaye imelane nokonakala kwamanzi olwandle (imibhobho ekude nonxweme). Ubude bombhobho omnye bunokufikelela kwi-12-18 yeemitha ukunciphisa amalunga e-weld kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuza. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo: uMbhobho weGesi yeNdalo yaseTshayina-eRashiya (owona mbhobho mkhulu womgama omde eTshayina, onamacandelo athile asebenzisa i-1422mm imibhobho yentsimbi edayamitha), kunye nombhobho we-oyile onqamlezileyo waseSaudi-UAE (imibhobho yentsimbi eyi-1200mm nangaphezulu).
2. Ishishini laMandla: "Ipaseji yamandla" yemizi-mveliso yamandla eshushu/yenyukliya
Kwicandelo lamandla e-thermal, le mibhobho isetyenziselwa "kwimibhobho emine emikhulu" (imibhobho engundoqo yomphunga, ukufudumeza kwakhona imibhobho ye-steam, imibhobho yamanzi engundoqo, kunye nemibhobho yokucoca i-heater) ukuthutha ubushushu obuphezulu, i-high-pressure steam (ubushushu be-300-600 ° C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-10-30 MPa).
Kwicandelo lamandla enyukliya, imibhobho yentsimbi yomgangatho wokhuseleko yeziqithi zenyukliya (efana nemibhobho ye-reactor yokupholisa) ifuna ukuxhathisa olomeleleyo kwimitha kunye nokumelana nokukrekretha. Imibhobho ye-Austenitic yentsimbi engenamthungo (efana ne-ASME SA312 TP316LN) isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. INkxaso yaMandla amatsha: "Iipayipi zeMibhobho yoMqokeleli" (ukukhusela iintambo ze-voltage eziphezulu) kwiziseko zamandla e-photovoltaic/umoya, kunye nemibhobho yokuhambisa i-hydrogen emide emide (ezinye iiprojekthi zolingo zisebenzisa i-300-800mm Φ imibhobho yentsimbi enganyangekiyo ekudlekeni).
Iimfuno kwicandelo likamasipala zijolise "ekuhambeni okuphezulu, ukugcinwa okuphantsi, kunye nokuziqhelanisa neendawo eziphantsi komhlaba eziphantsi komhlaba / zomhlaba." Eyona njongo iphambili kukuqinisekisa unikezelo lwamanzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kubahlali kunye nokusebenza kweenkqubo zasedolophini.
1. UBonelelo lwaManzi kunye nobuNjineli boGutyulo: UThutho lwaManzi eDolophini/Imibhobho yeTrunk yoGutyulo
Ukusetyenziswa koBonelelo lwaManzi: "Imibhobho yamanzi akrwada" esuka kwimithombo yamanzi asezidolophini (amadama, imilambo) ukuya kwimizi-mveliso yamanzi, kunye "nemibhobho yonikezelo lwamanzi emikhulu kamasipala" ukusuka kwizityalo zamanzi ukuya kwimimandla yasezidolophini, ifuna ukuthuthwa kwamanzi aphuma empompo aphezulu (umz., 600-2000mm Φ imibhobho yentsimbi).
Ukusetyenziswa koGutyulo: “Imibhobho emikhulu yamanzi emvula” yasezidolophini (yokukhupha amanzi ngokukhawuleza okubangelwa yimvula enkulu) kunye “nemibhobho emikhulu yogutyulo” (yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka asekhaya/emizi-mveliso ukuya kumaziko okucoca ilindle). Abanye basebenzisa imibhobho yentsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nokutyiwa (umz., imibhobho yentsimbi egqunywe ngeplastiki kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi eyenziwe ngesamente eyenziwe ngodaka).
Iingenelo: Xa kuthelekiswa nemibhobho yekhonkrithi, imibhobho yentsimbi ikhaphukhaphu, iyamelana nokuthotywa (iziqhelanisa nejoloji entsonkothileyo ephantsi komhlaba), kwaye inika ukutywinwa okugqwesileyo okudityanisiweyo (ukuthintela ukuvuza kwelindle kunye nokungcoliswa komhlaba).
2. IiNdawo zokuGcinwa kwaManzi: UThutho lwaManzi oluPhakamileyo kunye noLawulo lwezikhukhula
Izicelo: Iiprojekthi zokuhanjiswa kwamanzi phakathi kweedisins (ezifana ne-"Yellow River Tunnel Pipeline" yeProjekthi ephakathi yeProjekthi yokuPhambuka kwaManzi okuMazantsi ukuya kuMntla), imibhobho yokuguqula kunye nemibhobho yokukhupha izantyalantyala zedama/izikhululo zombane wamanzi, kunye nemibhobho yokuguqula imisele yolawulo lwezandyondyo nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi ezidolophini.
IiMfuno eziQhelekileyo: Ukumelana nokothuka kokuhamba kwamanzi (isantya sokuhamba kwe-2-5 m/s), imelane noxinzelelo lwamanzi (eminye imibhobho yamanzi anzulu kufuneka imelane noxinzelelo lwentloko olungaphezu kwe-10 m), kunye nobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-3000 mm (umz., umbhobho wentsimbi oyi-3200 mm kwisikhululo sombane).
Icandelo lemizi-mveliso lineemfuno ezahlukeneyo, kugxininiso oluphambili "ekuziqhelaniseni neemeko ezinzima kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zothutho lwamajelo osasazo athile," okubandakanya amashishini afana nesinyithi, iikhemikhali kunye noomatshini.
1. I-Metallurgy/Ishishini leNsimbi: UThutho lweMpahla yobushushu obuphezulu
Usetyenziso: Imizila yentsimbi' "imibhobho yegesi eqhumayo" (ithutha irhasi yobushushu obuphezulu, 200-400°C), "ukwenza isinyithi kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okupholisa eqhubekayo" (ukupholisa okuhamba kakhulu kweebhilithi zentsimbi), kunye "nemibhobho eludaka" (ukuthutha uludaka lwentsimbi).
Iimfuno zemibhobho yentsimbi: Ukumelana ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu (kwimibhobho yegesi) kunye nokumelana nokunxiba (kwi-slurries equkethe amasuntswana aqinileyo, i-alloy-resistant steel pipes iyadingeka). Ububanzi buqala ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-1000 mm.
2. UShishino lweMichiza/yePetroli: UThutho lweMedia eNyonakalisayo
Usetyenziso: Imibhobho yezinto ezikrwada kwizityalo zekhemikhali (ezifana nezisombululo ze-asidi kunye ne-alkali, izinyibilikisi eziphilayo), i-catalytic cracking unit pipelines kwizityalo ze-petrochemical (ubushushu obuphezulu, i-oyile ephezulu yoxinzelelo kunye negesi), kunye nemibhobho yokukhupha itanki (imibhobho yokukhupha i-diameter enkulu kwiitanki ezinkulu zokugcina).
Iindidi zemibhobho yentsimbi: Imibhobho ye-alloy enganyangekiyo kwi-Corrosion (efana ne-316L yensimbi engenasici) kunye neplastiki- okanye i-rubber-lined steel pipes (kwimithombo yeendaba eyingozi kakhulu) isetyenziswa kakhulu. Eminye imibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphezulu isebenzisa i-150-500mm imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo.
3. Oomatshini abanzima: Inkxaso yoLwakhiwo kunye neeNkqubo zeHydraulic
Izicelo: Imibhobho ye-hydraulic cylinder kumatshini wokwakha (i-excavators kunye ne-cranes) (ezinye izixhobo ze-tonnage ezinkulu zisebenzisa i-100-300mm imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo), imibhobho yentsimbi yokuxhasa ibhedi kwizixhobo ezinkulu zoomatshini, kunye neleli yangaphakathi / imibhobho yokukhusela ikhebula (150-300mm) kwiinqaba zomoya onxweme.
Kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neebhulorho, iitonela, kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, imibhobho yentsimbi enobubanzi obukhulu ayisebenzi nje kuphela “njengemibhobho yokuhambisa” kodwa “njengenxalenye yesakhiwo” ethwala imithwalo okanye enika ukhuseleko.
1. Ubunjineli beBhulorho: I-Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges/Pier Columns
Izicelo: "Iimbambo eziphambili ze-arch" zeebhulorho ze-arch ezinde (ezifana neChongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge, esebenzisa i-1200-1600mm Φ i-tube yentsimbi egcwele i-tube iimbambo ze-arch ezizaliswe ngekhonkrithi, ukudibanisa amandla okuqina kweetyhubhu zetsimbi kunye namandla oxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi), kunye "nemikhono yokukhusela i-piroct water sleeve (i-prote bridges).
Izinto eziluncedo: Xa kuthelekiswa nekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo yemveli, izakhiwo zetyhubhu zentsimbi ezizaliswe ngekhonkrithi zikhaphukhaphu, zilula ukwakha (zinokwakhiwa kwangaphambili kwimizi-mveliso zize zidityaniswe kwindawo), kwaye zibe nobude obude (ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezingama-500 okanye ngaphezulu).
2. IiTunnels kunye ne-Rail Transit: Ukungena komoya kunye nokuKhuselwa kweCable
Usetyenziso lweTonela: "IiMibhobho yokuPhumeza umoya" (yomoya omtsha, ububanzi obuyi-800-1500mm) kuhola wendlela/kwitonela likaloliwe, kunye "neMibhobho yoBonelelo lwaManzi oMlilo" (ukubonelela ngamanzi ahamba kakhulu xa kukho imililo yetonela).
Uhambo lukaloliwe: "Imibhobho yoKhuseleko lweCable engaphantsi komhlaba" (ukukhusela iintambo zombane ophezulu, ezinye zenziwe nge-200-400mm yentsimbi yombhobho weplastiki) kwiindlela eziphantsi komhlaba / kwiinkqubo zikaloliwe ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu, kunye ne "Catenary Column Casings" (iikholamu zentsimbi ezixhasa igridi yamandla).
3. Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya/amazibuko: Imibhobho yeNjongo eyodwa
Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya: "Imibhobho yokukhupha amanzi emvula" (idayamitha enkulu eyi-600-1200mm) yomgaqo weenqwelo-moya ukunqanda ukuqokeleleka komgaqo weenqwelo-moya kunye neempembelelo ekundulukeni nasekufikeni, kunye "neMibhobho engundoqo ye-Air Conditioning Water Chilled Water" (yempompozo ephezulu ebandayo yokulawula ubushushu) kwizakhiwo zetheminali.
Amazibuko: "Imibhobho yeArm yokuThunyelwa kweOyile" (edibanisa iitanki kunye neitanki zokugcina, ukuthutha i-oli ekrwada/imveliso yeoli esulungekisiweyo, idiameter eyi-300-800mm) kwizikhululo zezibuko, kunye "neMibhobho ye-Bulk Cargo" (yokuthutha imithwalo eninzi efana namalahle nentsimbi ekrwada).
Umzi-mveliso wasemkhosini: Iinqanawa zokulwa "imibhobho yokupholisa amanzi olwandle" (ukumelana nokubola kwamanzi olwandle), itanki "imigca yehydraulic" (imibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphezulu yoxinzelelo olukhulu yoxinzelelo olukhulu), kunye nesiqhubi somjukujelwa "ukuxhasa imibhobho yentsimbi."
Uphononongo lweJoloji: Iqula lamanzi anzulu "amaqula" (ukukhusela udonga lwequla nokuthintela ukuwa, abanye basebenzisa i-Φ300-500mm yemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo), ukutsalwa kwerhasi yelitye "imibhobho yequla ethe tye" (ukuhambisa ulwelo olunoxinzelelo oluphezulu).
Unkcenkceshelo ngezoLimo: Indawo enkulu yogcino lwamanzi kumhlaba wasefama "imibhobho yokunkcenkceshela" (enjengemibhobho yonkcenkceshelo yokunkcenkceshela/yokunkcenkceshela kummandla owomileyo womntla-ntshona, nobubanzi obuyi-Φ200-600mm).
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