Kwizakhiwo zanamhlanje, ezothutho, ushishino, kunye nobunjineli bamandla,isakhiwo sentsimbi, kunye neenzuzo zayo ezimbini kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nolwakhiwo, iye yaba yinto ephambili eqhuba ubuchule kubuchwepheshe bobunjineli. Isebenzisa intsimbi njengezinto zayo eziphambili zokuthwala umthwalo, idlula imida yezakhiwo zemveli ngokuvelisa imveliso yemizi-mveliso kunye nokufakelwa kwemodyuli, ibonelela ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo kwiiprojekthi ezininzi ezinzima.
Inkcazo kunye nohlobo lolwakhiwo lwentsimbi
Ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi lubhekisa kwinkqubo yolwakhiwo ethwele umthwalo eyenziweiipleyiti zentsimbi, amacandelo entsimbi (Imiqadi ye-H, Iitshaneli ze-U, intsimbi ye-engile, njl. njl.), kunye neepayipi zentsimbi, eziqiniswe nge-welding, iibholiti ezinamandla aphezulu, okanye iirivets. Eyona nto iphambili kukusebenzisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina kwentsimbi ukuze idlulise ngokulinganayo imithwalo ethe nkqo (ubunzima obungapheliyo kunye nobunzima bezixhobo) kunye nemithwalo ethe tye (umoya kunye neenyikima) ukusuka kwisakhiwo okanye kwiprojekthi ukuya kwisiseko sayo, ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo zekhonkrithi, inzuzo ephambili yezakhiwo zentsimbi ikwiimpawu zazo zoomatshini: amandla azo okutsalwa anokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-345 MPa, ngaphezulu kwe-10 yekhonkrithi eqhelekileyo; kwaye i-plasticity yazo egqwesileyo ivumela ukuba ziguquguquke phantsi komthwalo ngaphandle kokuphuka, okubonelela ngesiqinisekiso esiphindwe kabini sokhuseleko lwesakhiwo. Olu phawu luzenza zingathathelwa indawo kwiimeko ezinkulu, eziphakamileyo, kunye nemithwalo enzima.
Iintlobo eziphambili zeZakhiwo zeNsimbi
(I) Uhlulo ngokweFomu yoLwakhiwo
Ulwakhiwo lweSakhelo seSango: Olu lwakhiwo, olwenziwe ngeekholamu kunye neebhanti, lwenza isakhelo esimile okwesango, sidityaniswe nenkqubo exhasayo. Sifanelekile kwizityalo zoshishino, kwiindawo zokugcina izinto, kwiivenkile ezinkulu, nakwezinye izakhiwo. Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo buqala kwi-15 ukuya kwi-30 yeemitha, kwaye ezinye zingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-40. Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zingalungiswa kwiifektri, nto leyo evumela ukufakwa kwindawo kwiintsuku ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-30 kuphela. Umzekelo, ii-warehouse ze-JD.com ze-Asia No. 1 Logistics Park zisebenzisa olu hlobo lwesakhiwo.
Ulwakhiwo lweTruss: Olu lwakhiwo luneentonga ezithe tye ezidityaniswe ngamaqhuqhuva ukwenza ijiyometri enxantathu okanye yetrapezoidal. Iintonga ziphantsi kwamandla e-axial kuphela, zisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla entsimbi. Izakhiwo zeTruss zisetyenziswa rhoqo kuphahla lwenkundla nakwiibhlorho eziphambili. Umzekelo, ukuhlaziywa kweBeijing Workers' Stadium kusebenzise isakhiwo setruss ukuze kufezekiswe ubude obungangeemitha ezili-120 obungenakholamu.
Izakhiwo zesakhelo: Inkqubo yendawo eyenziwe yimiqadi edibeneyo kunye neekholamu inika izicwangciso zomgangatho eziguquguqukayo kwaye lolona khetho luphambili kwizakhiwo zeeofisi eziphakamileyo kunye neehotele.
Izakhiwo zegridi: Igridi yendawo eyenziwe ngamalungu amaninzi, adla ngokuba nonxantathu oqhelekileyo kunye namaqhuqhuva esikwere, inika ukuqina okuqinileyo kunye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu neenyikima. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya nakwiindawo zendibano.
(II) Uhlulo ngokweempawu zomthwalo
Amalungu athambileyo: Amelwe ziimitha, la malungu amelana namaxesha okugoba, kunye nokucinezelwa phezulu kunye nokuxinezeleka ezantsi. Ahlala esebenzisa ii-H-sections okanye ii-welded box sections, ezifana neemitha ze-crane kwizityalo zoshishino, kwaye kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno zamandla kunye nokumelana nokudinwa.
Amalungu afakwe kwi-axial: La malungu axhomekeke kuphela kwi-axial tension/compression, njenge-truss tie rods kunye namalungu egridi. Ii-tie rods zenzelwe amandla, ngelixa ii-compression rods zifuna uzinzo. Iityhubhu ezijikelezayo okanye amacandelo entsimbi ye-angle zihlala zisetyenziswa. Izinto ezifakwe kwi-eccentrically: Ezi zixhomekeke kwi-axial force kunye namaxesha okugoba, njengee-frame columns. Ngenxa yobunzima bomthwalo kwiziphelo ze-beam, kufuneka ii-cross-sections ezilinganayo (ezifana nee-box columns) ukuze kulinganiswe amandla kunye nokuguquguquka.
Iingenelo eziphambili zeZakhiwo zeNsimbi
(I) Iipropati Ezibalaseleyo Zoomatshini
Amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima obuphantsi zezona zibonelelo zibalulekileyo zezakhiwo zentsimbi. Kwisithuba esithile, ubunzima bomqadi wentsimbi buyi-1/3-1/5 kuphela kunobomqadi wekhonkrithi. Umzekelo, i-truss yentsimbi enobubanzi obuziimitha ezingama-30 inobunzima obumalunga nama-50 kg/m, ngelixa umqadi wekhonkrithi unobunzima obungaphezulu kwama-200 kg/m. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela iindleko zesiseko (ngama-20%-30%) kodwa kukwanciphisa nemiphumo yokunyikima, kuphucula ukhuseleko lokunyikima kwesakhiwo.
(II) Ukusebenza kakuhle koLwakhiwo
Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yezixhobo zesakhiwo sentsimbi zenziwe kwangaphambili kwiifektri ezinobunono obufana ne-millimeter. Ukufakelwa kwindawo kufuna ukuphakanyiswa noqhagamshelo kuphela. Umzekelo, isakhiwo seofisi sentsimbi esinemigangatho eli-10 sithatha iinyanga ezi-6-8 kuphela ukusuka ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ukuya ekugqityweni, ukuncipha kwama-40% kwixesha lokwakha xa kuthelekiswa nesakhiwo sekhonkrithi. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yokuhlala yentsimbi eyenziwe kwangaphambili eShenzhen ifikelele kwisantya sokwakha "somgangatho omnye rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe," nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu iindleko zomsebenzi kwindawo.
(III) Ukumelana Okunamandla Nokuxhathisa Inyikima Nokuqina
Ukuqina kwentsimbi kwenza izakhiwo zentsimbi zikwazi ukukhupha amandla ngokusebenzisa ukuguquguquka ngexesha lenyikima. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenyikima yaseWenchuan ngo-2008, umzi-mveliso wesakhiwo sentsimbi eChengdu wachaphazeleka kukuguquguquka okuncinci kwaye akukho mngcipheko wokuwa. Ngaphezu koko, emva konyango lokulwa nokugqwala (ukugalela i-galvanizing kunye nokugquma), intsimbi inokuba nobomi benkonzo beminyaka engama-50-100, kwaye iindleko zokugcinwa ziphantsi kakhulu kunezakhiwo zekhonkrithi.
(IV) Ukhuseleko lweNdalo kunye nokuZinza
Amazinga okuphinda kusetyenziswe intsimbi adlula i-90%, nto leyo evumela ukuba iphinde inyibilikiswe kwaye icutshungulwe emva kokudilizwa, nto leyo esusa ungcoliseko lwenkunkuma yokwakha. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa kwentsimbi akudingi formwork okanye ukulungiswa, kufuna umsebenzi omncinci wokumanzi kwindawo, kwaye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kothuli ngaphezulu kwe-60% xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo zekhonkrithi, okuhambelana nemigaqo yokwakha eluhlaza. Umzekelo, emva kokudilizwa kwendawo ye-Ice Cube kwiOlimpiki yasebusika yaseBeijing ka-2022, ezinye izinto zasetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinye iiprojekthi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kusetyenziswe kwakhona izixhobo.
Ukusetyenziswa Okubanzi Kwezakhiwo Zentsimbi
(I) Ulwakhiwo
Izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke: Amabala emidlalo, izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, amaziko eendibano kunye nemiboniso, njl.njl., axhomekeke kwizakhiwo zentsimbi ukuze afezekise iindawo ezinkulu kunye noyilo olukhulu.
Izakhiwo zokuhlala: Izindlu zokuhlala ezakhiwe ngentsimbi esele zenziwe ngaphambili ziya zithandwa kakhulu kwaye zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zezindlu ezenzelwe wena.
Izakhiwo zorhwebo: Izakhiwo zeeofisi eziphakamileyo kakhulu kunye neevenkile ezinkulu, ezisebenzisa izakhiwo zentsimbi ukufezekisa uyilo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nolwakhiwo olusebenzayo.
(II) Uthutho
Ubunjineli beebhulorho: Iibhulorho ezinqumla ulwandle kunye neebhulorho zesitimela. Iibhulorho zentsimbi zibonelela ngeendawo ezinkulu kunye nokumelana nomoya onamandla kunye nenyikima.
Ukuhamba ngesitimela: Iikhanophi zesitishi sesitimela esingaphantsi komhlaba kunye neebhanti zesitimela esikhaphukhaphu.
(III) Imizi-mveliso
Izityalo zoshishino: Izityalo zoomatshini abakhulu kunye nezityalo zesinyithi. Izakhiwo zentsimbi zinokumelana nemithwalo yezixhobo ezinkulu kwaye ziququzelele uhlengahlengiso lwezixhobo olulandelayo.
Izakhiwo zokugcina impahla: Iindawo zokugcina impahla ezibandayo kunye namaziko okuhambisa impahla. Izakhiwo zefreyimu yesango ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokugcina izinto ezinkulu kwaye ziyakhawuleza ukwakhiwa kwaye zisebenza ngokukhawuleza.
(IV) Amandla
Izixhobo zombane: Izakhiwo eziphambili zesikhululo samandla obushushu kunye neenqaba zothumelo. Izakhiwo zentsimbi zifanelekile kwimithwalo ephezulu kunye neendawo zangaphandle ezinzima. Amandla Amatsha: Iinqaba ze-wind turbine kunye neenkqubo zokufakela i-photovoltaic zinezakhiwo zentsimbi ezikhaphukhaphu ukuze kube lula ukuthuthwa nokufakelwa, zixhasa uphuhliso lwamandla acocekileyo.
Nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga nezakhiwo zentsimbi.
IQELA LASEBUKHOSINI
Idilesi
Indawo yophuhliso lweshishini laseKangsheng,
Isithili saseWuqing, isixeko saseTianjin, eTshayina.
I-imeyile
Amaxesha okusebenza
UMvulo-NgeCawa: Inkonzo yeeyure ezingama-24
Ixesha leposi: Septemba-30-2025